Relationship between Lumbar Extensor Muscle Degeneration Classification and Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture / 대한척추외과학회지

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the reliability of the lumbar extensor muscle degeneration classification as an indicator of potential risk for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCF). SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: Fatty degeneration of lumbar extensor muscles has attracted increased interest in the literature as a risk factor for OVCF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-one patients with OVCF (group 1) and 60 patients without OVCF (group 2) were investigated. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure and to analyze the muscle mass and fatty degeneration of the lumbar extensor muscle. The degree of fatty degeneration of the lumbar extensor muscle was classified into 4 stages: less than 10%, 10%–25%, 25%–50%, and more than 50%. RESULTS: Fatty degeneration of the lumbar extensor muscle and the bone mineral density T-score were 29.66%±12.28% and −3.56±1.13 in group 1 and 24.04%±13.29% and −2.27±1.46 in group 2, which were statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that as the fatty degeneration of the lumbar extensor muscle increased, the risk of OVCF increased (odds ratio [OR]=1.21; p=0.01). The risk of OVCF increased as the lumbar extensor muscle degeneration classification scores increased (OR=13.53; p=0.02). Furthermore, as the muscle mass of the multifidus decreased, lumbar lordosis and sacral inclination decreased (β=0.33; p=0.01 and β=0.25; p=0.04, respectively). However, no factor affected thoracic kyphosis. CONCLUSIONS: Fatty degeneration of the lumbar extensor muscle was correlated with OVCF. A lumbar extensor muscle degeneration classification higher than stage 3 should be considered a risk factor of OVCF.

Relationship between Lumbar Extensor Muscle Degeneration Classification and Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the reliability of the lumbar extensor muscle degeneration classification as an indicator of potential risk for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCF).SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: Fatty degeneration of lumbar extensor muscles has attracted increased interest in the literature as a risk factor for OVCF.@*MATERIALS AND METHODS@#Ninety-one patients with OVCF (group 1) and 60 patients without OVCF (group 2) were investigated. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure and to analyze the muscle mass and fatty degeneration of the lumbar extensor muscle. The degree of fatty degeneration of the lumbar extensor muscle was classified into 4 stages: less than 10%, 10%–25%, 25%–50%, and more than 50%.@*RESULTS@#Fatty degeneration of the lumbar extensor muscle and the bone mineral density T-score were 29.66%±12.28% and −3.56±1.13 in group 1 and 24.04%±13.29% and −2.27±1.46 in group 2, which were statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that as the fatty degeneration of the lumbar extensor muscle increased, the risk of OVCF increased (odds ratio [OR]=1.21; p=0.01). The risk of OVCF increased as the lumbar extensor muscle degeneration classification scores increased (OR=13.53; p=0.02). Furthermore, as the muscle mass of the multifidus decreased, lumbar lordosis and sacral inclination decreased (β=0.33; p=0.01 and β=0.25; p=0.04, respectively). However, no factor affected thoracic kyphosis.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Fatty degeneration of the lumbar extensor muscle was correlated with OVCF. A lumbar extensor muscle degeneration classification higher than stage 3 should be considered a risk factor of OVCF.

The Validation of Ultrasound-Guided Target Segment Identification in Thoracic Spine as Confirmed by Fluoroscopy

BACKGROUND: The role of ultrasound in the thoracic spine has been underappreciated, partly because of the relative efficacy of the landmark-guided technique and the limitation of imaging through the narrow acoustic windows produced by the bony framework of thoracic spine. The aim of this study was to make a comparison between the 12th rib and the spinous process of C7 as a landmark for effective ultrasound-guided target segment identification in the thoracic spine. METHODS: Ultrasonography of 44 thoracic spines was performed and the same procedure was carried out 1 week later again. The target segments (T3–4, T7–8, and T10–11) were identified using the 12th rib (group 1) or the spinous process of C7 (group 2) as a starting landmark. Ultrasound scanning was done proximally (group 1) or distally (group 2) toward the target transverse process and further medially and slightly superior to the target thoracic facet. Then, a metal marker was placed on the T3–4, T7–8, and T10–11 and the location of each marker was confirmed by fluoroscopy. RESULTS: In the total 132 segments, sonographic identification was confirmed to be successful with fluoroscopy in 84.1% in group 1 and 56.8% in group 2. Group 1 had a greater success rate in ultrasound-guided target segment identification than group 2 (p = 0.001), especially in T10–11 (group 1, 93.2%; group 2, 43.2%; p = 0.001) and T7–8 (group 1, 86.4%; group 2, 56.8%; p = 0.002). The intrarater reliability of ultrasound-guided target segment identification was good (group 1, r = 0.76; group 2, r = 0.82), showing no difference between right and left sides. Ultrasound-guided target segment identification was more effective in the non-obese subjects (p = 0.001), especially in group 1. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided detection using the 12th rib as a starting landmark for scanning could be a promising technique for successful target segment identification in the thoracic spine.

Ultrasound-Guided Intervention in Lumbar Spine / 대한정형외과학회잡지

For precise diagnosis and therapeutic interventions for chronic lumbar pain, lumbar nerve block has been performed primarily by computed tomography or C-arm fluoroscopy. The use of such equipment has disadvantages in that both patient and surgeon are exposed to radiation, and it could be used in limited areas. The current role of ultrasound guidance for musculoskeletal intervention treatments has been reported. Recently, to compensate for such disadvantage and to be able to approach easily in the outpatient department, interest in ultrasound-guided lumbar nerve block is increasing, and several studies have reported relatively high success rates. However, ultrasound-guided intervention for lumbar nerve block has not been exactly described. Therefore, we conducted this review to evaluate the feasibility of ultrasound guided lumbar interventions.

Fixation of the Greater Trochanter in Arthroplasty for Unstable Intertrochnateric Fracture

PURPOSE: We classified fractures of the greater trochanter (GT) and evaluated fracture fragment stability according to GT type. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 43 patients with an unstable intertrochanteric fracture treated between January 2007 and July 2009 with bipolar hemiarthroplasty were included in this study. GT fractures were classified as type A, B, C, or D and fixed using either cerclage wiring alone, cerclage wiring and non-absorbable suture or a greater trochanteric reattachment (GTR) plate. RESULTS: Type A fractures were fixed using cerclage wiring with non-absorbable suture in two cases, cerclage wiring in six cases and GTR plate in seven cases. Failure occurred in three cases of type A fractures treated with cerclage wiring alone. A total of 11 type B fractures were fixed with cerclage wiring (7), cerclage wiring and non-absorbable suture (3) and GTR plate (1). There was no failure of type B fractures. Type C fractures were fixed using cerclage wiring with non-absorbable suture in one case and GTR plate in three. There was no fixation in three cases. Of 10 type D fractures, six were treated with cerclage wiring and one with GTR plate. Fixation was not performed in three patients. There was no failure in type C and D type fractures. CONCLUSION: Fracture fragment stability differed according to fracture types. Cerclage wiring alone was insufficient to fix type A fractures, so type A fracture required a stronger fixation method.

The Effect of Hydroxyapatite Coating on Long-term Results of Total Hip Arthroplasty with Hydroxyapatite-coated Anatomic Femoral Stem / 대한고관절학회지

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical and radiological results, as well as the survival rate, associated with total hip arthroplasty using a hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated anatomical femoral stem at a follow-up of > or =12 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From April 1992 to May 1997, 86 patients (102 hips) underwent total hip arthroplasty with a HA-coated ABG I (Anatomical Benoist Giraud; Howmedica) hip prosthesis. The average age at the time of surgery was 53.4 years and the mean duration of follow-up was 17.1 years (range, 12.1-21.0 years). The Harris hip score (HHS) and radiographic assessments of thigh pain were used to evaluate the clinical results. We observed osteointegration, cortical hypertrophy, reactive line, calcar resorption and osteolysis around the femoral stems. The survival rate of the femoral stems was evaluated by using the span of time to a revision operation for any reasons was defined as the end point. RESULTS: The mean HHS was 50.5 preoperatively and 84.2 at the time of last follow-up. Osteolysis only around the HA-coated proximal portion of the femoral stem was observed in 72 hips, cortical hypertrophy all around the distal portion of the femoral stem was observed in 38 hips, and calcar resorption was observed in 44 hips. A reactive line was observed in 13 hips, but was unrelated to component loosening. Stem revision operations were performed in 24 (23%) hips due to osteolysis (14 hips), fracture (5 hips) and infection (5 hips). The femoral stem survival rate was 75% over the mean duration of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Total hip arthroplasty using a HA-coated anatomical femoral stem showed necessitated a high rate of revision operations due to osteolysis around the femoral stem in this long term follow-up study.

Feasibility of Nerve Stimulator as a Supplemental Aid for Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Block

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical feasibility of an electric nerve stimulator in a lumbar transforaminal epidural block. METHODS: Using an electric nerve stimulator, transforaminal epidural blocks were performed in 105 segments of 49 patients who presented with lower back pain with radiating pain to lower extremities. The contrast medium was injected to delineate the nerve root after positioning an insulated needle at the intervertebral foramen under fluoroscopic guidance. Then, the nerve root was electrically stimulated with the insulated needle to confirm whether or not the same radiating pain was evoked. RESULTS: Of the 105 foraminal segments, the same radiating pain was evoked at 0.5 mAh in 47 segments (44.8%), at 1.0 mAh in 22 (21.0%), at 1.5 mAh in 3 (2.9%), at 2.0 mAh in 15 (14.3%), at 2.5 mAh in 4 (3.8%), and at 3.0 mAh in 5 (4.8%). No response was observed in 9 segments (8.6%). The fluoroscopy revealed successful positioning of the needle in the patients with an evoked radiating pain over 2.0 mAh. The visual analogue scale (VAS) obtained for pain improved from a mean of 7.5 to 2.7 after the block (p = 0.001). In the 9 cases without response to electrical stimulation, the patients showed an improvement on VAS from 7.8 to 3.4 (p = 0.008) also. CONCLUSIONS: A nerve stimulator can help to predict the accuracy of needle positioning as a supplemental aid for a successful lumbar transforaminal epidural block. It is sufficient to initiate a proper stimulation amplitude of the nerve at 2 mAh.

The Fate of Pronator Quadratus Muscle after Volar Locking Plating of Unstable Distal Radius Fractures

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the pronator quadrates muscle in patients who underwent internal fixation with a volar locking plate for unstable distal radius fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty patients who underwent internal fixation with a volar locking plate for unstable distal radius fracture were enrolled. We evaluated the clinical results according to the Mayo wrist score, the wrist range of motion, and the grip strength at the last follow-up. Using ultrasonography, muscle thickness of the pronator quadrates was compared between injured and uninjured arm. RESULTS: Bone union was achieved in all cases. The mean Mayo wrist score was 82.79 points. The grip strength of the injured arm was decreased to 89.1% of the uninjured side. The decrease of pronation range of the injured wrist motions was significant (82.3degrees, p=0.004). There was significant atrophy of the pronator quadrates muscle on the injured side (injured side: 3.19 mm, uninjured side: 4.72 mm, p=0.001); and the decrement of muscle thickness in pronator quadrates showed an association with the Mayo wrist score (r=-0.35, p=0.042). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that continuity of the muscle is maintained after use of the volar locking plating for unstable distal radius fractures with repair of pronator quadrates; however, there is atrophy of pronator quadrates muscle and limitation of pronation in the injured wrist.

Percutaneous Iliosacral Screw Fixation with Cement Augmentation in Sacral Insufficient Fracture: A Case Report / 대한고관절학회지

Sacral insufficiency fractures (SIFs) are no longer a rare type of fracture in the elderly. To date, SIFs have typically been treated conservatively. Sacroplasty has recently been used in treatment of SIFs, with a good result. In order to solve the problems of sacroplasty, the authors performed a new surgical technique, percutaneous iliosacral screw fixation with cement augmentation, for SIFs. Secure fixation of the screw in osteoporotic bone was achieved and biological bone union was obtained. We present this case with a review of the literature.